Lisa Pon contibuted a paper at Images at Work: Image and Efficacy from Antiquity to the Rise of Modernity at the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florence (Max Planck Institut.) The conference explored the intention, function, and reception of images made to influence the natural world, examining the theories behind the construction of these operative images, interrogating how the production of apotropaic images related to the production of Art, and questioned how the manufacture of such working images interacted with the production of other types of mechanical apparatus.